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Arachnoiditis: the silent epidemic J.Antonio Aldrete, MD,M. Editores JGH and Arachnoiditis Foundation, Inc. 1“ edicion, 2000, 340 p Arachnoiditis is a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. Plot an epidemic curve 6. Write a report and distribute it to appropriate individuals 18. Review all cases in more detail and refine the line listing of relevant information 11. Investigate to determine whether there is an outbreak a.

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Arachnoiditis was established after spine surgical proce-dures, 259 patients (93.8%) had roots in bunches, 152 (55%) had a deformed dural sac and peridural fibrosis was observed in 241 patients (87.3%). Pseudomeningocele and intrathecal calcifications were observed in 21 (7.6%) and 4 (0.15%) of the surgical cases, respectively. In pseudoarthrosis and arachnoiditis were fol-lowed from 24 to 62 months after the placement. LEG EDEMA FROM INTRATHECAL OPIATE INFUSIONS 363 TABLE 2. Response to treatment for edema of the lower extremities. Arachnoiditis: The Silent Epidemic. Denver: FutureMed Publishers, 2000: 261–279. Aldrete JA, Zapata JC. There are quite a few digital tachograph card events and faults that drivers ignore until they run into trouble. Let’s look at one of the most dangerous of them – “Last card session was not closed correctly”.

Editor—The review on the topic of ‘chronic adhesive arachnoiditis’ (CAA) from obstetric epidurals by Rice and colleagues¹ was apparently triggered by a series of articles that appeared in one of the London tabloids, fostered by some of the members of the Arachnoiditis Trust. These articles were unreasonable to many of us that remember the statistics of maternal deaths in the 1970s in the UK,² when general anaesthesia was the predominant form of analgesia; aspiration of gastric contents and difficulty with tracheal intubation were the main culprits. I also feel that it is the right of women in labour to ask for pain relief, and anaesthetists ought to provide it for them. But we cannot deny that neuroaxial anaesthesia produces morbidity and that neurological deficits are probably one of the most serious. Unfortunately, the authors of the review lost the opportunity to assess the subject of neurological deficit and arachnoiditis (ARC) after epidural anaesthesia. Instead of being impartial, they attempted to prove that adhesive arachnoiditis does not happen as frequently as the patrons of the ‘Trust’ claimed it did and, when it does occur, they dismissed it as irrelevant.

Allow me to say for the record, that I do not belong to the Arachnoiditis Trust and I do not agree with their attempt to ban epidural anaesthesia for women in labour. Properly executed, epidural analgesia is, at the present time, the safest approach. However, by focusing mostly on the old concept of CAA, the authors of the review failed to recognize that ARC is an integral feature in most injuries to the intrathecal neural structures resulting in a variety of neurological deficits occurring after spinal interventions. These causes include: myelograms; spinal or epidural anaesthesia; invasive pain relief procedures; infections and blood entering the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from epidural blood patches; haematomas; trauma; or spinal operations. The arachnoid is now recognized as an active organ that responds to any invasion by initiating an inflammatory response proportional to the degree of injury. This reaction lasts ∼2 months; if not treated, it may progress into a chronic proliferative phase in which scarring, fibrosis and adhesions become permanent.⁴ These two phases are distinctly identified in radiological images with ‘enhanced’ or oedematous nerve roots,⁵ located in the anterior half of the dural sac with the appearance of ‘stars’ (Fig. 1) in the inflammatory phase and ‘clumped’ nerve roots forming bizarre patterns adhering to each other and to the dural sac, in the chronic proliferative phase (Fig. 2).

Computer axial tomography, post myelogram showing ‘enhanced’ nerve roots, located abnormally (arrow) on the anterior (upper) half of the dural sac, which have become deformed from a combination of a broadly herniated intervertebral disc, spondylosis and ligamentum flavum hyperthrophy.

Computer axial tomography, post myelogram showing ‘enhanced’ nerve roots, located abnormally (arrow) on the anterior (upper) half of the dural sac, which have become deformed from a combination of a broadly herniated intervertebral disc, spondylosis and ligamentum flavum hyperthrophy.

Computer axial tomography, post myelogram depicting ‘clumped’ nerve roots (arrow) in the middle of the thecal sac (proliferative phase) at L3–L4 level.

Computer axial tomography, post myelogram depicting ‘clumped’ nerve roots (arrow) in the middle of the thecal sac (proliferative phase) at L3–L4 level.

Concerning the recognition of symptoms typical of ARC, Rice and colleagues¹ listed in Table 1 vague symptoms described in a list of publications before 1992; no mention was made specifically of the severe, continuous, burning pain in the lower back and extremities, accompanied by dysaesthesia and muscle spasms, as well as bladder, bowel and/or sexual dysfunction, which are all frequent manifestations of this disease. No reference was made to the burning characteristic implying neuropathic pain, as this concept had not yet been understood in that period. The injury may be traumatic from needle tips, catheters,⁹ dural tears,¹⁰ etc. or chemical from such substances as lidocaine 5%,¹¹ 2-chloroprocaine 3%,¹² Myodil,¹³ neurolytics,¹⁴ blood,¹⁵ etc.

There were also some inconsistencies present in this review. There were nine previous publications describing similar lesions in the literature, before the 1909 article by Victor Horsley was published.¹⁶ The diagram on p. 110 of Rice's paper¹ was taken (with permission) from a 1972 publication; much has been found since then about the anatomy of the spinal meninges; the arachnoid has indeed two layers with the CSF in between them, but the spinal cord does not occupy 90% of the dural sac as represented in their Figure 1. The authors quoted Long¹⁷ stating that ‘less than 1000 cases of arachnoiditis have been reported in the 50 years prior to 1992’; this is incorrect as it did not include Eastern European, Latin American or Asian publications. In 14 yr, I have obtained the medical history, examined and reviewed all the radiological studies in 374 patients with confirmed ARC; however, the incidence of a disease cannot be determined by the number of cases reported in the literature, nor by insurance claims or by mail surveys, especially in a disease with a high degree of iatrogenicity, which hampers accurate reporting.

The authors cited a 1964 reference (no. 108) noting that local anaesthetics cross the dura; more recently, elegant studies done by Bernards and colleagues¹⁹ have found that this passing is selective and that they are not transported by the arachnoid villi at the dural cuff,²⁰ nor through the radicular arteries.²¹ Geometry dash full game free download pc. Current understanding suggests that an arachnoiditic process is part of most post-interventional neurological deficits such as the cases of cauda equina syndrome after spinal or epidural anaesthesia. The most common radiological finding is clumped nerve roots (Fig. 2), but the ‘empty sac’ syndrome, deformity of the dural sac, intrathecal calcification, and fibrosis are also forms of arachnoiditis, as well as some cases of syringomyelia caused by needle puncture,⁷ and postlaminectomy pseudomeningoceles.² Cauda equina lesions may be recognized by obtaining coronal views in MRI.

In essence, the authors searched for the subject ‘adhesive arachnoiditis’ and found the citations to the old cases of constrictive pachymeningitis after repeated intrathecal injections of dyes or steroids, infection or multiple surgical procedures. With the diagnostic tools at hand, specifically MRI, and CAT scan postmyelogram (Figs 1 and 2), the diagnosis of ARC can be made promptly. If it is in the inflammatory phase, treatment may prevent ARC from progressing into the chronic proliferative stage. By emphasizing old concepts, they missed the chance to impartially analyse the subject and give an important message that would advance everyone's knowledge.

Editor—We would like to thank Dr Aldrete for his letter regarding our review article,¹ supported by a large volume of his own work.

We would like to make it clear that, whilst our concern about CAA after obstetric epidurals was initially aroused owing to articles by the Arachnoiditis Trust, it is because we realize that: (i) epidural intervention may have an effect on the arachnoid mater, and (ii) that a link between CAA and obstetric epidurals as claimed by the Arachnoiditis Trust would have devastating clinical implications for the women and the practice of obstetric regional analgesia and anaesthesia, that we constructed our review. We do not dismiss CAA as irrelevant in any way.

As Aldrete correctly points out, the remit of our review was to find a link between CAA and obstetric epidurals. We would like to reassure him that we undertook this task with an open mind and reject his accusation of our partiality. We conducted a thorough and impartial review of all the evidence published in peer-reviewed journals.

We are not the only reviewers who have failed to find a link between CAA or indeed arachnoiditis and obstetric epidurals.^24–26 However, we did report on the few specific cases of CAA directly related to epidural anaesthesia from 1983 to 2000 in Table 2 of our review.¹ We were interested to read of Aldrete's personal series of 374 patients with arachnoiditis and wondered how many were related to obstetric epidurals; unfortunately, this has not been reported or published.

Table 1 in our review referred to a summary of the symptoms reported in CAA and not early changes of arachnoiditis as it was referred to by Aldrete. We would also disagree with Aldrete in his interpretation of Reynolds' report⁸ that ‘an arachnoiditic process’ was involved in the conus damage during spinal anaesthesia. Direct trauma, as evidenced by a syrinx in the conus, was the cause. We have confirmed this with Prof. Reynolds.

We are glad that Aldrete agrees with us that in the light of current evidence, we should not withhold regional analgesia from women in labour, and also that he supports our conclusion that a full clinical examination and MRI investigation will help in the detection and diagnosis of arachnoiditis in obstetrics.

1Isle of Wight, UK 2Poole, UK 3Basingstoke, UK

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References

Rice I, Wee MYK, Thomson K. Obstetric epidurals and chronic adhesive arachnoiditis. ; : –20Aldrete JA, Ghaly RF. Postlaminectomy pseudomeningocele: an unexpected cause of low back pain. ; : –9Avidan A, Gomari M, Davidson E. Nerve root inflammation demonstrated by MRI in a patient with transient neurological symptoms after intrathecal injection of lidocaine. ; : –8Aldrete JA, Ferrari H. Myelopathy with syringomyelia following thoracic epidural anaesthesia. ; : –3Reynolds F. Damage to the conus medularis following spinal anasthesia. ; : –47Aldrete JA, Vascello LA, Ghaly RF, Tomlin D. Paraplegia in a patient with an intrathecal catheter and a spinal cord stimulator. ; : –5Goodkin R, Laska LL. Unintended ‘incidental’durotomy during surgery of the lumbar spine: medicolegal implications. ; –14Snyder R Hui G, Flugstad P, et al. More cases of possible neurologic toxicity associated with single subarachnoid injections of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. ; : –13Reissner LS, Hachman BL, Plummer HL. Persistent neurologic deficit and adhesive arachnoiditis following intrathecal 2-chloroprocaine injection. ; : –13Aldrete JA, Zapata JZ, Ghaly RF. Arachnoiditis following epidural adhesiolysis with hypertonic saline.

Arachnoiditis The Silent Epidemic Pdf To Jpg Free

; : –70Aldrete JA, Brown TL. Intrathecal hematoma and arachnoiditis after prophylactic blood patch through a catheter. ; : –4

Arachnoiditis The Silent Epidemic

Long DM. Chronic adhesive spinal arachnoiditis: pathogenesis prognosis and treatment. ; : –319Renk H. Neurologic complications of central nerve blocks. ; : –8Bernards CM, Hill HF. Morphine and alfentanil permeability through the spinal dura, arachnoid and pia mater of dogs and monkeys. ; : –19Bernards CM, Hill HF. The spinal nerve root sleeve is not a preferred route of redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord. ; :

The Silent Epidemic Gibbstown Nj

–32Bernards CM, Sorkin LS. Radicular artery blood flow does not distribute fentanyl from the epidural space to the spinal cord. ; : –8Diaz JH. Permanent paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome after epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache. ; : –17Aldrete JA. Neurologic deficits and arachnoiditis following neuroaxial anesthesia. ; : –12Loo CC, Dahlgren G, Irestedt L. Neurological complications in obstetric regional anaesthesia. ; : –124